- 14 Days
- 125 km
- 6-7 hrs
- Spring/Autumn
- Flight/Public/Private Vehicle
- Hotel/Lodge/Tea House
- Moderate
- Dhi Pass
- 3,825 m
Overview
One of Nepal’s more exclusive and culturally rich treks is the Upper Mustang Trek. Upper Mustang is a Tibetan cultural region, ancient monasteries and dramatic landscape.
The trek starts at Jomsom, the local flight terminus and heads into Kagbeni, Chele, Ghami and Charang, before reaching the walled city of Lo-Manthang, the former historical capital of Mustang. Trekkers cross many high altitude passes, have unbelievable views of red cliffs at Dhakmar, see ancient caves in Chhoser along the way. It is a dry, rugged landscape a lot like the Tibetan high altitude deserts.
Lo-Manthang was once an independent kingdom and there are remnants of that royal legacy, including Lo Manthang’s Royal Palace and centuries old monasteries. A slightly different route back takes one through Dhakmar and Ghiling to see more of Mustang’s varied landscapes.
Upper Mustang is a restricted region and to trek this trek you will need a special permit to preserve its ancient Tibetan culture. Overall it takes about 19 days including preparation and acclimatization.
And since the skies are clear and the temperature is mild, the best seasons for trekking are spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November).
The Tiji Festival is a three day festival consisting of masked dances and rituals to chase evil spirits. In addition they have the chance to experience traditional Tibetan hospitality in tea houses on the route.
As a once in a lifetime opportunity for travelers who want to escape the beaten path when travelling in Nepal, the Upper Mustang Trek offers travelers an experience immersed amidst a region with a rich history, stunning scenery and incredible cultural depth.
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Highlights
- At Kathmandu you will visit Boudhanath Stupa, a huge Buddhist monument, encircled by shrines and monuments and flying strings of prayer flags.
- You will fly to Pokhara, where you will see Machhapuchhre, Annapurna and Dhaulagiri in Gandaki Province.
- In Pokhara you will be seeing the Phewa lake and the World Peace Pagoda, the site that offers a spectacular view of the Annapurna range.
- While you are in Mustang you will walk through Kagbeni, a historic village with narrow alleys and ancient monasteries.
- In Mustang, you will pass Taklam La, Dajori La Pass, amidst wide mountain views and deep gorge scenery.
- In Ghami you will stand at Mustang's longest mani wall covered in Tibetan blessings prayers to bless each traveler.
- Entering Mustang, you will plunge into the walled city where Lo-Manthang, filled with royal history, ancient monasteries and Tibetan culture awaits.
- In Mustang, you’ll trek past the red cliffs of Dhakmar which have twisted out a surreal, dreamlike terrain that rises high and bright.
- You will visit an ancient thousand years old monastery, Lo Ghar Gomba Gekar in Mustang which is a holy place to religious travellers.
Detailed Upper Mustang Trek Itinerary
Reaching at Tribhuvan International Airport, we will take care of transferring you to your hotel in Thamel. Today is all about getting set, learning about the city and getting ready for your trip. In Thamel, you’ll find different cultural places, shops for trekking and lively cafés, so it’s an ideal spot to start your Nepal trip.
The first part of our visit is to Kathmandu Durbar Square, where you can see ornate palaces, alleys, courtyards and finely crafted temples showing Nepal’s old architecture. Exploring the streets, we’ll realize how Hindu and Buddhist customs influence Nepalese culture. The peaceful Boudhanath Stupa, one of the world’s largest Buddhist shrines, stands surrounded by colorful prayer flags and noisy monasteries.
In the evening, we brief everyone on the trip, go over the trek’s important points, explain what documents are required, offer altitude guidelines and suggest how to pack.
The second of our Upper Mustang Trek begins with the scenic flight from Pokhara to Jomsom. The flight will take you soaring through the sky overlooking the beautiful views of the lakes and landscapes and mountains along the way. The flight from Pokhara to Jomsom is popular for its magnificent views and also a shorter way to reach the beautiful village of Jomsom.
After the 20 minutes scenic flight from Pokhara to Jomsom, we will now head towards Kagbeni. Kagbeni is a small village which signifies the beginning of our trek. 3 hours walk alongside the Kaligandaki river will take us to the gateway of Upper Mustang, the Kagbeni Village.
We shall rest tonight at a guesthouse in the village.
Altitude Loss: 300 m
Flight Duration: 25 to 30 minutes
After breakfast, we fly eastward for about 30 minutes to land in Pokhara, where many Nepali adventures begin. Viewing the peaks of Machhapuchhre (Fishtail Mountain), Annapurna and Dhaulagiri from the plane is an amazing way to preview our surroundings.
We stay at a hotel on the lakeshore, close to Phewa Lake, noticed for its charming view of the Himalayan mountains. Relaxing in Pokhara gives just the right amount of calmness and excitement for the trek.
Our first visit is to the World Peace Pagoda on the hillside, from which we can see the whole Pokhara Valley. Then, we get to see Devi’s Falls, an underground waterfall whose water ends in a secret cave. In the area, you can find the Gupteshwor Cave, with a hidden Shiva shrine created from its limestone inside.
When it gets late, we go walking in Lakeside Pokhara, where you’ll find plenty of shops, cafés and cultural venues. If you’d like, you could have a Nepali Thali, including lentils, rice, vegetable dishes and traditional bread. The next day, the actual trek will begin.
Altitude Gain: 2,000 m
Flight Duration: 20 to 25 minutes
Drive Distance: 5 to 10 km
Drive Duration: 20 to 30 minutes
The trek gets exciting with an early flight to Jomsom (2,720m), flying through the amazing Kali Gandaki Gorge, the world’s deepest. Passing between the high Himalayan peaks, the flight gives visitors some of the best views of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna.
After landing, the view is a big shift, vast, dry basins much like Tibet’s, with high cliffs and long-used trade routes all around. Jomsom, which is strongly affected by the wind, is located in Mustang and is famous for its apple trees and old stone structures. Once everything is picked up, we set off Step by step on our path to Kagbeni (2,810m).
The hike follows the Kali Gandaki River, where the black fossilized stones (Shaligram) are respected by Hindu pilgrims. Just after that, we find Ekle Bhatti, a tiny rest area that helps us refresh before we reach Kagbeni. The ending point of the hike features impressive views of old-style buildings, winding alleys and clay houses. At Kagbeni, you can visit the Kag Chode Thupten Samphel Ling Monastery which protects the traditions of the Mustang region.
While we sit enjoying our tastes of tea, the remarkable surroundings give us an idea of what lies ahead in Mustang.
Altitude Gain: 700 m
Trek Distance: 13 to 14 km
Trek Duration: 6 to 7 hours
After Kagbeni, we travel into Upper Mustang, crossing the limit into the unexplored and mysterious north. You will find the terrain going from the river into dramatic cliffs, with canyons and red-and-ochre rock cliffs formed by wind and rain.
The first part of the trek takes us to Tangbe Village, where we find small white houses among cindered orchards, giving a picture of Mustang’s farming ways. Going on, we move through Chhusang, where ancient caves mark where the first Mustang settlers lived.
For thousands of years, Buddhist monks practiced meditation in some of the wide variety of caves across the country. The crossing of the Kali Gandaki on a steel bridge is followed by a change in altitude as you climb to Chele.
The area is very different, as local buildings have a distinct Tibetan style, with prayer flags and mani walls. The influence of Tibetan Buddhism becomes very clear in the chortens and finely decorated doorways in the village. It becomes clear that we are gaining elevation and it’s time for trekkers to adjust. Watching the unusual scenery of Mustang and sampling traditional meals at a tea house is what the evening is about.
Altitude Gain: 800 m
Trek Distance: 11 to 12 km
Trek Duration: 6 to 7 hours
We explore Mustang today with its high passes and keep seeing various beautiful scenes every step of the way. The path starts climbing right away, leading to Taklam La Pass (3,624m) where Nilgiri and Annapurna soon fill the landscape ahead. Once we begin again, we descend slightly and then climb gradually all the way to Dajori La Pass (3,735m).
At one time, these high passes were important routes for Tibetan businessmen, bringing salt and other products to Nepal. The path goes through Samar Village, a traditional halt for tired merchants who picked up speed for the rest of their treks.
Here, we relax and discover the Rangchyung Chorten, an important Buddhist site built on the faces of the cliffs. After that, the path takes us over thin ridge lines and through deep crevices, sometimes uncovering hidden monasteries sited inside the cliffs. As we get close to Syangmoche, the wind gets stronger and makes the place feel even rougher. Although Syangmoche is only a few house and tea places, the peaceful atmosphere and lovely surroundings make it an excellent place for rest. Following dinner, we eat pancakes made with the local food and at the same time, we ask the locals about Tibetan Buddhism.
Trek Distance: 10 to 11 km
Trek Duration: 5 to 6 hours
The trip from Syangmoche to Ghami takes us above the Yamda La (3,850m) Pass where we can admire the beautiful hills and far mountains of Mustang. As we go lower, we pass many long stone walls covered with Tibetan prayers, thought to give lucky blessings to people who see them.
Around Mustang, you’ll find plenty of chortens, prayer flags everywhere and caves that depict Tibetan Buddhism’s long history. Going a little further, we come to Ghami, a place surrounded by parched but lovely scenery and the contrast between yellow earth and the blue sky becomes almost magical. Ghami is centered around a community and travelers like to share their adventures over tea in one of the town’s tea houses.
There is something special here too: the longest mani wall in Mustang, overlooking the entire valley, they say you will receive spiritual blessings if you join the prayers as you walk along it. As the sun sets, we enjoy the calm of Ghami and think about the amazing sights and history we have seen today.
Altitude Gain: 300 m
Trek Distance: 11 to 12 km
Trek Duration: 5 to 6 hours
Having left Ghami, we walked through the rugged official Mustang region. At the beginning of the route, you’ll find yourself next to an amazingly long mani wall, one of the longest in Mustang, covered with old Tibetan writings. Sacred stone walls mark Mustang’s Buddhist customs and, it is believed, deliver blessings to travelers who visit them.
Over time, the area turns into wide, high basins and deep canyons, formed by the power of the wind. Today, we cross the highest point yet, the Nyi La Pass, getting amazing views across the valley. Once we leave the pass, we get to Charang, a village with numerous white homes, red monasteries and remaining fort walls.
Don’t miss the Charang Monastery, as it has amazing thangkas, prayer books and treasures that explain the heritage of Tibetan Buddhism. Because the village sits on a high ridge, it offers a view of the stunning, but desolate landscape of Upper Mustang. As soon as we are ready in our teahouse, we head to the monastery and fortress, enjoying the calm around us.
Altitude Gain: 400 m
Trek Distance: 12 to 13 km
Trek Duration: 5 to 6 hours
Reaching Lo-Manthang, the historic, walled city of Mustang, is most highly expected on today’s trek. At the start of the trek, you will climb through wide, windy areas that give a strong sense of the Himalayan winds.
Along our travel, we pass by little chortens that show our nearness to old Bhutan. At the top of Lo La Pass (3,950m), the deep blue walled town of Lo-Manthang comes into view. Arriving in town, we are taken to a setting full of the influence of Tibetan ways, long-standing architecture and traditional way of life.
There are four old monasteries in Lo-Manthang and Thupchen Gompa is one, with beautiful murals on its walls. Local kings once ruled Mustang from the Royal Palace which remains at the center of town amongst mud-brick houses.
Because the village is so exclusive, it is considered to be one of the most special in Nepal. As we pass through the small streets, it’s easy to notice locals wearing Tibetan clothes, shops selling crafts and monks praying in the monasteries. The night is dedicated to discovering the sights and remembering Vienna’s long history.
A whole day is devoted to discovering Lo-Manthang’s unique places. We start our day at Jampa Monastery which is one of the oldest in Mustang and boasts many large statues and wall paintings.
The preservation of Tibetan Buddhism owes much to these monasteries which help reveal past rituals. A brief trip takes us to Chhoser caves where ancient houses were built into the cliffside and monks living here in centuries past used them for solitude and practice.
Because of Mustang’s distinctive location, there are interesting many-level caves here, thought to have been the homes of people before Lo-Manthang came into existence. The Tiji Festival is held in the area every year and includes brightly dressed dancers and special rituals to drive off deadly spirits.
If you’re interested in the royal family, a visit to the Royal Palace provides some insight into the way the Mustang kingdom was managed. Tibetan culture, old artifacts and beautiful views all come together in Lo-Manthang, so you should not miss this part of the trip.
In the evening, we have traditional food from the region which is often made with yak meat, barley from here and homemade Tibetan bread. Talking with local people and listening to their history makes us admire Mustang’s unique culture even more.
Altitude Loss: 200 m
Trek Distance: 14 to 15 km
Trek Duration: 6 to 7 hours
Now that we’ve explored the history of Lo-Manthang, we travel back, but try a different route so we can stop at the village of Dhakmar which is famous for its bright red cliffs. The hike allows you to enjoy peace in desert areas, along narrow ridges and among scattered villages. Ghar Gompa, a monastery said to be over 1,200 years old and made by Guru Rinpoche, appears as we head toward Dhakmar.
Centuries-old murals found in the temple illustrate interesting topics from Buddhist heritage and history. It is said that if travelers stop at the monastery, they will complete their journey in Mustang without any problems. Upon reaching Dhakmar, we can see huge red cliffs against the backdrop of desolate grey hills nearby. Because they are some of the oldest land features in the area, Dhakmar looks like a dreamlike landscape.
You will only find a few small houses and friendly teahouses in the village where trekkers sleep each night. When night arrives, the golden light makes the red cliffs produce amazing shadows, making this an impressive view for contemplating what has been done so far.
Altitude Loss: 300 m
Trek Distance: 12 to 13 km
Trek Duration: 5 to 6 hours
After leaving Dhakmar, we descend through the interesting desert areas found in Mustang. The orange sun in the early morning makes the area’s rugged cliffs shine with a beautiful color. On the trail, we see small ridges, with lots of open land and the wind brings us echoes of the old people who once came this way.
When we come to Ghar Gompa, the oldest monastery in Mustang, we spend a moment discovering its spiritual role and history, said to have begun with the visit of Guru Rinpoche. Here, trekkers see beautifully painted murals that explain Thrangu’s place in Buddhist mythology and Mustang’s historical preservation.
We trek along the mountains, moving from ridge to ridge and finally come to Ghiling which lies at the foot of bare ridges. The book gives a true look at how people live in Mustang and features its white houses, colorful prayer walls and teahouses serving dishes from the area. Long shadows create by the sunset on the rough land calm us as we recall our time camping so far.
Altitude Loss: 400 m
Trek Distance: 13 to 14 km
Trek Duration: 6 to 7 hours
Today we descend to areas where we can appreciate the many different forms of the Mustang landscape. The route Mustang follows has long been the link between Chinese merchants and those in the lower valleys of Nepal.
Going through deep rocky cuts and stretches of naked plateaus, we sometimes find small green areas that hold local farmlands. Samar Village is next on our route; here, you’ll see old cave monasteries left by the ancient Buddhists of the area.
As we walk further, we come to Chhusang, a village with amazing red rock formations that really catch your eye above the blue sky. Black Shaligram stones, which are sacred to pilgrims, are found along the Kali Gandaki River on which the village sits. In this area, visitors can witness the relationship between Mustang’s nature and local traditions, something you won’t find anywhere else. At the end of the day, hearing the river helps set the scene for peacefulness.
Altitude Loss: 300 m
Trek Distance: 13 to 14 km
Trek Duration: 5 to 6 hours
We spend our last trekking day back along the Kali Gandaki valley, all the way to Jomsom. As we go on, the land opens and we see a great view of the sparse desert in Mustang against the huge mountains like Nilgiri and Dhaulagiri.
After crossing Kagbeni, where our Mustang adventure started, we remember the amazing things we saw and learned on our journey. Every new part of the walk makes it more nostalgic, reminding us of the meetings with monks, historic monasteries and villages that have followed their traditions for years.
We celebrate our trek’s end in Jomsom by eating at a tea house and chatting with trekkers and locals about Mustang. Evening time lets you have another look around Jomsom and check out its market, where both handmade Tibetan products and items from Mustang are sold.
Altitude Loss: 2,000 m
Flight Duration: 20 to 25 minutes
Drive Distance: 5 to 10 km
Drive Duration: 20 to 30 minutes
We return to Pokhara after just a short flight, much of it following the world’s deepest gorge, the Kali Gandaki Gorge. Coming into Pokhara, the rich greenery and soft climate make everything contrast sharply with the dry regions we’ve left behind.
After arrival at our hotel, we step out to enjoy the Phewa Lake area and let our minds rest. Climbing up to the World Peace Pagoda offers us a beautiful view of Pokhara and the far Himalayas. People interested in culture can see Nepal’s history of mountaineering at the International Mountain Museum. This final dinner in the evening lets everyone recall the great Adventure through Upper Mustang.
Since we had an intense day of trekking yesterday, we can now spend today in Pokhara enjoying and exploring this adventure city. As soon as early morning brightens, we set out by boat and admire the views of Machhapuchhre and the Annapurna range in the lake.
Shopping, tasting regional fare and resting in Lakeside’s lively atmosphere are all possible in this area. Interested in the history of climbing? If so, the International Mountain Museum will help you learn about great climbs, Nepali traditions and the Himalayan landscape.
Gupteshwor Cave is another highlight, with its Shiva shrine hidden inside the cave’s rock formations and you’ll also see the impressive Devi’s Falls, an insider tip is to see it at night when lights are turned on. Non Lounge Hostel is a perfect place to spend the evening in Pokhara, either dancing the night away or looking at a sunset while you think about your trek in Mustang.
Altitude Gain: 300 m
Flight Duration: 25 to 30 minutes
Drive Distance: 5 to 10 km
Drive Duration: 30 to 45 minutes
Following breakfast, we fly back to Kathmandu in just 30 minutes and see the Himalayas for the last time from the sky. We return to Thamel, the heart of Nepal’s tourism and spend time at Asan Bazaar, a lively market offering travelers handicrafts, spices and fabrics.
Travelers hoping to feel the culture may once more visit Boudhanath Stupa, where monks gather to pray or Swayambhunath for a last look over Kathmandu. Trekkers finish their time in Nepal by considering their adventure, kicking back and enjoying a traditional Nepali meal during the farewell dinner. This point allows you to appreciate the trek’s memories, friends and astonishing surroundings.
Before your trek ends, we help you with a stress-free trip to Tribhuvan International Airport. Whether they keep hiking or go back, trekkers take home special memories of Mustang’s wilderness, traditional culture and the group spirit they shared.
A last visit to Kathmandu’s roads is a sign of the rich contrasts found here, busy urban life and relaxed mountain views. Once our farewells are traded, the Upper Mustang trek concludes, ensuring adventure, learning and sense of the Himalayas will not leave us.
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Geography
What shapes Upper Mustang geography is its place in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. The result is that it gets very little rainfall, making it one of Nepal’s driest regions. It is high altitude desert terrain with scoured cliffs and high cliffs and deep canyons cut by the most abraded features of wind and time.
The trek runs along the Kali Gandaki River whose gorge, cut by the river between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna, is the deepest in the world. There’s plenty of Shaligram fossils here which are considered sacred to Hindus and evidence that this region was underwater millions of years ago.
Mostly barren arid land, rocky plateaus and near steep ridges, but very small patches of farmland around villages. Where irrigation is possible, locals grow barley, buckwheat and apples. To face the rough climate, these villages are built on terraced slopes; and the houses are of mudbrick.
At 3,840 meters, it sits surrounded by barren hills and distant snow capped peaks. Dhakmar is red cliffs of grey desert with a surreal contrast. Millions of years ago, the geology that gave shape to the region forced the Kali Gandaki Valley to be a sea bed, making the area once underwater.
Due to the influence of the Tibetan Plateau, Mustang is cold and dry with the strong winds that play a role in shaping your landscape. There is little vegetation and no rainfall and small patches of barley fields and apple orchards are found around villages.
The trek is a crossing of different high passes which includes Taklam La (3,624m), Dajori La (3,735m), Lo La (3,950m) and others is a thrilling landscape of Mustang. Erosion is constantly changing the land which produces the strikingly steep cliffs and deep gorges.
Muktinath
One of Nepal’s most sacred pilgrimage sites, Muktinath fetches Hindu and Buddhists pilgrims in search of spiritual freedom at 3,710 meters. Though the Upper Mustang Trek itinerary doesn’t usually include Muktinath, trekkers can always take a deviation to indulge in this added excitement and visit the temple on Day 15 during the route from Chhusang back to Jomsom.
From the Sanskrit word Mukti, meaning liberation and Nath, a lord, Muktinath represents the Lord of Liberation. It is one of the eighty eight Divya Desams, sacred temples, dedicated to Vishnu that grant moksha (freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth) for Hindus.
The complex contains 108 water spouts (Mukti Dhara) for the bath of pilgrims for the purpose of cleansing of sins, two sacred ponds (Mukti Kunda and Saraswati Kunda) for rituals of purification.
Muktinath is known among Buddhists as Chumig Gyatsa, ‘Hundred Waters’ and this one of 24 Tantric places where Guru Rinpoche meditated. Tibetan Buddhists associate the temple with the Bodhisattva one Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and believe that visit to Muktinath brings spiritual awakening and karmic purification.
The most remarkable feature is in fact eternal flame (Jwala Mai) which has burned for centuries because of the underground emission of natural gas. With its pagoda style of temple, prayer wheels, mani walls and chortens it is adorned with a spiritual significance mixture of Hindu and Buddhist tradition.
Besides that, Muktinath is known for its Shaligram fossil fishes which lie along the shore of the Kali Gandaki River and are considered by Hindus as holy manifestations of Vishnu. Whether coming for the blessings of the gods or to marvel at the geological wonders of the region, Muktinath offers up a spiritual, historical and cultural destination of resonance for all those who make a pilgrimage there.
Lo Manthang The Kingdom of the Himalayas
That grand walled city, of Upper Mustang, Lo Manthang, stands at 3,840 meters preserving the glory of the ancient Kingdom of Lo. Day 10 takes us from Charang to Lo Manthang over the Lo La Pass (3,950m) from where you can enjoy the first wide view of the town.
Lo Manthang is so named, because it was the capital of the Lo Kingdom which flourished from the 15th century until its unification with Nepal in 1789. Strategically situated on the Salt Route, an ancient trade road linking Tibet and Nepal, the city was at the heart of the Tibetan trade network and a major centre for religion and Tibetan culture.
Inside its mud brick walls, Lo Manthang still retains its medieval distinction with narrow alleyways, traditional style houses and old monasteries. To the center of the city goes the Royal Palace built in the 15th century and to be seen as a symbol of Lo king’s rule. Thupchen Gompa standing atop the city with its intricate murals and sacred relics is but one of four monasteries in the city.
Tibetan Buddhism has a deep presence in Lo Manthang and scattered through are prayer wheels, mani walls and chortens. But, one of the most important events is the annual Tiji Festival, bearing masked dances and rituals which is supposed to drive away evil spirits and bring prosperity.
Mystical it is indeed, the cliffs surrounding the city are red, the canyons are deep and hidden inside cave monasteries hide a part of the city. Enjoy the bold views of the Himalayas, explore its cultural heritage, religious significance or experience its breathtaking scenery while strolling through Lo Manthang, a living museum of Tibetan traditions.
Best time for Upper Mustang trek
Upper Mustang has a cold desert climate and is dry, windy and with wide temperature fluctuations between day and night. It is one of Nepal’s driest regions because it’s in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges and receiving little rainfall.
The land is plateaus of rock and gorges deep and cliffs high, all wind and time worn. A river, the Kali Gandaki, runs through the valley to create the world’s deepest gorge. Mustang used to be under sea millions of years ago, the fossilized seabeds and Shaligram stones along the river prove.
Wind also causes problems too, afternoon winds, particularly in Jomsom and the Kali Gandaki Valley, make progress there difficult and the early morning is the best time for treks. In even the warmer months nights are freezing so proper layering is required. There are few water sources for Mustang, so trekkers need to carry water for drinking daily.
Mustang’s high altitude desert terrain lacks vegetation, but there is plenty of contrast in the landscape with Mustang’s red cliffs of Dhakmar, Mustang’s longest mani wall in Ghami and ancient cave monasteries in Chhoser. By learning about those weather patterns and geographical difficulties, trekking is ready for one of Nepal’s most amazing and challenging undertakings.
What season is the best? Month by Month breakdown
Upper Mustang is the coldest in January. Daytime temperatures fall between 5°C till 10°C and nights reach -10°C and below. Higher places will experience snowfall and will be tough to trek. Extra preparation is necessary when strong winds and icy trails make many tea houses close for the season.
It stays cold in February, but is a little bit warmer than January. During the day it is 6°C to 12°C and in the evening -8°C and -5°C. It might still be snowing on high passes, trekking, under such circumstances, being difficult.
Spring starts in March. Daytime temperatures are 14°C to 20°C and nights are a frosty -7°C to -1°C. The landscape is a barren one, but the skies are clear, the wildflowers bloom, adding color. One of the best months of the year to trek is this.
Stable weather and mild temperatures come in April. It is cool, with daytime highs of 16°C to 22°C and night time lows of -5°C and 2°C. Trekking is comfortable on dry trails and May is the month for the famous Tiji Festival.
It’s warm in May but windy. Temperatures during the day are between 18°C to 24°C and between 0°C to 5°C during nights. Strong afternoon winds also make trekking difficult.
Upper Mustang is the warmest in June. The temperatures at the daytime averages to 20°C to 25°C, while the nights range from 5°C to 10°C. And dust storms are common, with strong afternoon winds making visibility difficult.
Mustang stays mostly dry, but it’s part of the monsoon season in July. During the day the temperatures are from 18°C to 23°C, nights are from 8°C to 12°C. Trekking can be uncomfortable with dust storms.
The weather is generally warm and dry like July to August. On sunny days daytime highs will be in the 20°C and nights 1°C to 15°C.
From September, this is the best trekking season. Temperatures during the day are between 15°C and 22°C dropping to 2°C and 8°C at night. The Himalayas are gorgeous as the skies are clear.
Trekking is most stable in October. Temperatures at daytime vary from 12°C to 20°C and from 0°C to 6°C at night. The trails are all in top condition and the cultural atmosphere is alive.
Colder temperatures are in November. Daytime highs are generally 10°C to 15°C, but nights will fall to -5°C to 0°C. Late November may also bring snowfall that makes high passes difficult.
It’s cold and harsh in December. Daytime temperatures fall between 5°C till 10°C and nights reach -10°C and below. Trekking is made difficult by snowfall and strong winds.
Packing list
Category | Items |
Tops | Base layers, fleece jacket, insulated jacket, waterproof jacket, long-sleeve shirts, short-sleeve shirts |
Bottoms | Hiking pants, thermal trousers, waterproof pants, lightweight trekking shorts |
Footwear | Trekking boots, wool socks, cotton socks, sandals for tea houses |
Headgear | Woolen hat, sun hat, neck gaiter, sunglasses with UV protection |
Gloves | Lightweight gloves, insulated gloves, waterproof gloves |
Sleeping Gear | Sub-zero sleeping bag, sleeping bag liner, inflatable pillow |
Backpacks | Daypack for essentials, duffel bag for porters, dry bags for clothes |
Trekking Gear | Trekking poles, headlamp with batteries, gaiters, emergency whistle |
Water & Food | Reusable water bottles, hydration pack, water purification tablets, energy bars, electrolyte powder, dried fruits |
Toiletries | Biodegradable soap, toothbrush, toothpaste, wet wipes, hand sanitizer, toilet paper, feminine hygiene products |
Miscellaneous | Passport, trekking permits, power bank, notebook, pen, map, guidebook, sewing kit, multi-tool knife, extra batteries |
How Difficult is the Upper Mustang Trek?
Upper Mustang trek is of moderate to difficult grade mostly because of high altitude desert terrain, low lying windy zone and long hours of trekking. Though technically non challenging, the trek is steep, the weather can be unpredictable and trekkers must be prepared for altitude sickness.
Oxygen levels reduce and so, altitude sickness may occur in climbs going up to 4,200 meters. If trekkers ascend too quickly without proper acclimatization symptoms such as headaches, dizziness and nausea can occur. Several highest points require gradual acclimatisation to avoid complications at altitude.
Mustang’s landscape lacks the lush trails of the Annapurna Circuit, dry, rugged and windswept, it appeared to be a more Tibetan Plateau. Unlike urban adventures, trekkers navigate steep ascents and descents from rocky ridges, barren plateaus and deep gorges.
Daily trekking time approximates 5 to 7 hours of good stamina and endurance. In the rain shadow of the Himalayas, Upper Mustang receives very little rainfall but daily afternoon winds and dust storms.
The winds can be fierce, making trekking from Jomsom or up the Kali Gandaki valley hard work, with less visibility and more fatigue. Months of the cold winter (December to February) are very extreme, while summer months (June to August) are very extreme too though there are no monsoon rains.
Upper Mustang Trek can have its challenges, but it is doable as a trek for anyone who’s average fits. No technical mountaineering skills are required but long walking hours and adaptation to altitude and endurance are needed. Proper preparation should allow trekkers to complete the journey.
Physical Preparation for the Upper Mustang Trek
High Altitude terrain, strong wind and long trekking hours makes the Upper Mustang Trek challenging for a strong physique. Though technically non challenging, the trek is steep, the weather can be unpredictable and trekkers must be prepared for altitude sickness.
To accomplish a 5 to 7 hour daily trek across rugged landscape, it is imperative that trekkers build cardiovascular endurance. Running, cycling, and swimming are all good activities which strengthen the heart and lungs so that you will take in the better amount of oxygen when you are at high altitudes.
Along with a great cardio endurance system, leg strength is also needed for trekking those steep inclines and paths covered in rock. Squats, stair climbing and lunges boost muscle endurance and make those long trekking days a little easier.
The treks have a maximum altitude of 4,200 meters and good acclimatization is essential to avoid altitude sickness. Anybody wanting to go trekking should spend time at moderate altitudes before the trek, keep hydrated and maintain a steady pace so the body adapts slowly to lower oxygen levels. Trekkers should also master breathing techniques to keep an eye on oxygen taken in and prevent their persistence.
This is where comfort comes from when going trekking. By doing yoga and stretching exercises, we increase mobility and decrease risk of muscle straining and joint pain. A strong core is equally as important as a strong ‘core’ of hikers, as a strong core will stabilize posture and help prevent lower back pain at the end of a long hike.
As important is the mental preparation. It’s mentally draining working in remote landscapes, in barren terrain, with strong winds. While, meditation, visualization and toughening themselves up with gradual exposure to challenging hikes, develop their mental resilience and stay focused and motivated trekkers.
Altitude Sickness and Preparation for the Upper Mustang Trek
Altitude sickness or acute mountain sickness AMS is a common problem for trekkers travelling above 2,500 meters altitude which Upper Mustang climbs up to a maximum of 4,200 meters. Headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue and shortness of breath can, if not managed seriously, become high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).
The best remedy to avoid altitude sickness is slow acclimatization. Those who settle on being trekkers should climb gradually so their bodies can accommodate lower oxygen. As a general rule, you don’t want to gain more than 500 meters altitude per day and take rest days at higher elevations. The body needs to adapt and predicating on water is crucial, drink three to four liters of water a day.
Physical preparation is of extreme importance in altitude adaptation. Running, cycling, swimming are cardiovascular exercises that improve efficiency of oxygen and strength training builds the endurance required of the long trekking hours. Use of breathing techniques can also control how and how much you breathe at high altitudes.
There are some pre trek diet and lifestyle adjustments you can make to assist with the climb. Consuming high carb meals should help you to keep sustained energy and avoiding alcohol and caffeine before during the trek will stop you from becoming dehydrated. Some trekkers do take Diamox (Acetazolamide, a medication which speeds up acclimatization) under medical supervision.
Early symptoms should be recognized and acted upon promptly. The best remedy to altitude sickness is to go down immediately. Always be prepared for emergencies by carrying a bottle of altitude sickness medication, oxygen support and a first–aid kit.
Upper Mustang Trek Permit Costs for Nepalese, SAARC Nationals, and Foreigners
Due to its restricted area status the Upper Mustang Trek also requires special permits to travel into the area, in order to help maintain the unique culture and environment. Permit costs differ by nationality, as of 2025.
Foreign Nationals:
- Restricted Area Permit: Pricing is $500 per person for the first 10 days and then $50 per extra day.
- ACAP (Annapurna Conservation Area Permit): At $30 per person.
SAARC Nationals (India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan and Afghanistan)
- Restricted Area Permit: For $100 per person ten days including, $10 per day over.
- ACAP (Annapurna Conservation Area Permit): $8 per person.
Nepalese Citizens:
- Restricted Area Permit: NPR 1,000 per person.
- ACAP (Annapurna Conservation Area Permit): NPR 100 per person.
Trekking alone is strictly not allowed. All trekkers must go with at least two people with a licensed guide.
Why is Solo Trekking Prohibited in the Upper Mustang?
Due to the restricted area status of Upper Mustang, solo trekking is strictly forbidden and guarantees safety, cultural preservation and environmental protection. This regulation is imposed by the Nepalese government for security, the responsible tourism and integrity of Mustang’s ancient heritage.
Border security is one of the main reasons for that restriction. Being a sensitive region, Upper Mustang shares a close border with Tibet. To stop illegal crossings and illegal acts, the government compels all travelers to use only registered trekking agencies and with a registered guide.
Another important bit is safety. Upper Mustang is remote, rugged terrain with few inhabitants, little infrastructure and poor emergency services. It’s high altitude desert trekking and you’re basically solo and face strong winds, unpredictable weather and altitude sickness. Guides are necessary in case you want to navigate properly, to get automatic emergency assistance and to adapt to such conditions.
The trekking regulations also have a cultural function. Ancient monasteries, cave settlements and Tibetan tradition left untouched for centuries makes Mustang its home. Solo trekking is restricted in order to control tourism impact, in an effort not to allow access to sacred sites not authorized and to allow for visitors to respect local customs.
Moreover, these regulations also are reinforced in the permit system. By doing this, every visitor abides by local laws and follows Mustang’s sustainable tourism model.
Solo trekking is allowed in Lower Mustang, but to protect its unique culture, its fragile environment and its historical significance you need a guide in Upper Mustang. Nepal’s last forbidden kingdom can only be visited by trekkers who are in groups of at least two and must travel with a licensed guide.
Why is Upper Mustang a Restricted Area?
Being located in close proximity to the Tibet/China border, Upper Mustang constitutes a restricted area because of historical, cultural, environmental and security reasons. Because Nepal’s Tibetan heritage is ancient, its ecosystem fragile and its geopolitical stability tenuous, the government has strict regulations in place to protect them.
Upper Mustang was a historically independent kingdom closely affiliated with Tibet and, for centuries, an important trade route. One of the last places where Tibetan culture is so pure the monasteries, cave dwellings and centuries old murals remain untouched. To guard against mass tourism destroying its traditions access is tightly controlled, permits are required and trekkers are guided only.
It is restricted and the border security factor is a factor that it plays. The Nepalese government keeps tight control due to its close proximity to Tibet which they don’t want people undertaking illegal activities. The permit system also measures up well on the indicator of border tensions, it ensures that all visitors are tracked and monitored.
Another key reason is the environmental preservation that it creates. Such an arid, high altitude desert landscape is very fragile with few water and very sensitive ecosystems. Without restrictions tourism may result in habitat destruction, pollution and a general degradation of the area’s cultural heritage.
Moreover, the permit system allows the controlling of tourism, limiting the number of trekkers allowed to visit to the region each year only. This approach, one controlled by rangers, will take the edge off the tourists and prevent overcrowding in Mustang and should allow visitors to experience Mustang’s pristine landscapes and spiritual heritage without harming its fragile balance.
Festivals of Upper Mustang: A Celebration of Culture and Spirituality
In May, the Tiji Festival takes place in Lo Manthang, Upper Mustang and marks the win of good against evil. Monks from Chhode Monastery dedicate three days to symbolic dances that tell how Dorje Jono battled demons to restore the world to peace. The practice is strongly linked to Vajrakilaya, where monks must go on a three-month retreat before performing it. The big event on the final day is throwing the Tsampa (barley flour) which signifies pushing out evil.
Summer ends in the region with the August gathering known as the Yartung Festival. The community is most famous for its exciting horse races, where everyone can enjoy seeing how they ride. The festival is held for three days, the first for the king, the second for monks and the third for the villagers. Mustang people come together for archery, folkloric dances and gatherings where everyone shares food.
February or March sees the celebration of Tibetan New Year which the Losar Festival is commonly known by. Gutor Rituals involve families preparing effigies which they burn to free themselves from any bad luck experienced last year. Thubchen Gompa and Jampa Lhakhang organize Dukar ceremonies, where monks basically pray for safety and success. Colorful prayers flags hang from homes, stupas and roofs at this time of year, showing a fresh start.
Apart from the big celebrations, the Upper Mustang area still holds seasonal ceremonial meetings in Ghar Gompa, Luri Gompa and a few other monasteries. During Drubchen, people give butter lamps, burn juniper and recite the texts contained in the Kangyur, supporting the area’s faith. There are orchestrated village-style Archery Festivals, where locals introduce their ancient traditions and team up with musical instruments and performances.
Sustainable Trekking in Upper Mustang: Preserving Culture and Nature
Nepal’s Upper Mustang, once closed to outsiders, is a sensitive habitat that holds a lot of cultural traditions. Since more people are coming to trek in this area, we must use sustainable practices to ensure the ancient monasteries, lovely landscapes and culture here remain unchanged.
A major part of sustainable trekking is helping to protect the environment. The soil and vegetation in the Mustang region at high altitude are especially vulnerable because there is very little water.
Hikers should pack out everything they bring, avoid any plastics they can do without and choose eco-friendly items for their treks. If you buy refillable bottles and use water purification tablets, you help reduce litter and by staying in local teahouses, you assist the local economy.
Following local cultural practices is a necessary part of living there. Over the years, the people of Mustang’s villages and monasteries have carried on Tibetan Buddhist customs and trekkers should treat those encounters with respect. Keeping dress respectful, asking before snapping photographs of anyone and joining in local ceremonies sensibly support the culture’s traditions.
Local guides and porters are hired for outdoor adventures to help the community. Several trekking firms use guides from elsewhere, but hiring Mustang-born ones helps keep the money spent by tourists in the region. Supporting workers with fairness and good treatment during treks helps make trekking more responsible.
You should pick the right season as well when planning sustainable trekking. March-May and September-November are the best months to trek, helping the environment because the ground is more secure and food is abundant. Not trekking in winter eases the burden on local business people who help visitors.
Real Stories from our TripAdvisor Page
Bradly W2025-04-21Verified Breathtaking Had an amazing time doing the Everest basecamp with our amazing guide Gokarna (Goku) he looked after us and his friendly and calm nature as well as experience in the mountains really made us all feel safe. I am adding Manaslu circuit to my bucket list and coming back to radiant treks! Alex Tsai2025-04-20Verified Incredible Experience on the Manaslu Circuit with Radiant Treks (March 2025) This was my second trek with Gokarna. I did the Annapurna Base Camp trek with him back in 2018, and recently completed the Manaslu Circuit in March 2025. Once again, it was an exceptional experience!Gokarna knows the Manaslu region inside out. He’s incredibly knowledgeable about the route, the villages, and the best places to stay. It was amazing to see how well-connected he is along the trail — locals would often greet him warmly, which added a really personal touch to the journey.He made sure we had the best possible accommodation each night by booking early, ensuring we were comfortable throughout the trek. His guidance was also key to avoiding altitude sickness — always reminding us what to do (and what not to do) to stay healthy and make the most of the experience.If you're planning a trek in Nepal, I can’t recommend Gokarna and Radiant Treks enough. Professional, caring, and deeply passionate about the mountains — you’re in the best hands.— Alex Philippe R2025-04-18Verified Fantastic experience with Radiant Treks We went with my girlfriend on a trek to Nepal in March 2025. We did the Manaslu and Tsum Valley tour. During our hike we had the chance to meet the Radiant Treks team. Gokarna is a great guide. He is very professional, he has a lot of experience in the mountains and his infectious enthusiasm will both distract you and motivate you to advance even on the most difficult climbs. Like us, you will have wonderful memories of the mountain landscapes and the Radiant Treks team! We strongly recommend it! Curiosity023657943332025-04-18Verified Ebc The founder Gokarna guided me and my friends on a EBC trek a few years ago and we got all the support we needed for doing this once in a lifetime hike. It was well organised and we both enjoyed ourselves seeing all the grand views of the Himalayas. Highly recommend this company for all your trekking needs in Nepal! Maryann G2025-04-09Verified Manaslu circuit and Tsum Valley We had the chance to rub shoulders with the Radiant Treks team during our tsum valley trek as well as the manaslu circuit. Gokarna is a professional and involved guide. He has experience in the mountains and will do everything possible to make your mountain experience as pleasant as possible and to keep you memorable.As a bonus his repertoire of stories and songs is inexhaustible and will make you laugh. Miguel L2025-04-07Verified À very best trek with Radiant treks We have been very lucky to book the Ganduk trek with Radiant treks and guided by the manager Godarka which without any doubt is a real professional with a lot of mountain experience. Godarka is taken care of the people, watching if everything is going well, giving his help if need be.So should you intend to go to Nepal for a trek, don't hesitate to book with Radiant treks, you will be fully satisfied. sylvie b2025-04-06Verified Discovery of the trek, Discovery of the magnificent landscape and especially view of Annapurna At the end of 2024 we had as a project a trek in Nepal.we searched for a guide. Gokama from Radianttreks was very quick to respond and the only one followed up our project.trek 3 days to ghandruck 4senoirs.He is young in the trade but professional, punctual, dedicated. Communicate in English. we advise you. Relax210793600382025-04-06Verified Trek inoubliable We are 2 French couples over 70 years old, and we did our 3 day trek with Gokarna. He had been very responsive to our request. It is a professional guide listening. Accommodation in Tolka and Ghandruk was of high quality with hot water.We are delighted , saw sunrise, Annapurna south, and made beautiful encounters with the locals. You could tell how rough life is in this country, but still smiling. We highly recommend the Ghandruk trek and our super guide Cape York Fishi... T2025-03-31Verified Manaslu Circuit with Tsum Valley , AMAZING!! Wow! What an amazing adventure start to finish! As a solo female traveller I had my reservations when trying to book a company but the service I received with Radiant Treks was second to none! From the fast responses back and forward from Nepal to Australia , to the arrival process all the way at through to the end of the hike, no detail was missed! You could tell my guide Gokarna was very experienced on the mountain, he has great character and provided everyone (not just me) with many laughs , mystical stories of the mountains, even pointing out different native plants that can be used as food sources by local villages. I always felt very comfortable and often Gokarna went out of his way at finding me a good room with ensuite toilet where possible , was always very aware of our surroundings and made sure I was comfortable at all times! I honestly can’t recommend this company enough, I saw several other guides providing a very substandard service and I felt very sorry for the guests. I can guarantee this won’t happen with Radiant Treks ! I hiked the Tsum Valley and Manaslu circuit , so amazing!! OnAir240194525002025-03-24Verified GREAT HIMALIYAN EXPERIENCE I went to EBC last year in September.it was my first trek. Gokarna was our guide. He is excellent. He was very patient with us.Under his guidance we conquered our EBCdream.Load more